MARITIME SECURITY COOPERATION CHALLENGES IN THE FUTURE

Abstract

Abstract.
 Maritime cooperation encompasses longstanding complexities alongside evolving opportunities, stemming from the intrinsic nature of the maritime commons governed by international law, particularly the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Throughout history, states have engaged in collective efforts to maintain order at sea, combat piracy, suppress the slave trade, and enhance navigational safety. Despite enduring constraints in communication, limited resources, and geopolitical frictions, maritime security collaboration has experienced notable progress, particularly during periods of crisis. Wartime conditions alter the dynamics of inter-state cooperation, whereas peacetime arrangements often strengthen resilience and improve collective crisis responses. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami marked a pivotal shift in regional collaboration, particularly in disaster relief and maritime safety operations. Current maritime threats, including piracy, terrorism, organised crime, and sovereignty disputes in the South China Sea, require comprehensive multilateral mechanisms. ASEAN-led initiatives and frameworks developed by the Quad have contributed to closing coordination gaps, fostering transparency, and reinforcing adherence to a rules-based international system. The Wilmington Declaration by the Quad and ASEAN’s 2023 joint statement illustrate continued momentum in reinforcing regional maritime cooperation. Future challenges spanning maritime, space, and cyber domains necessitate sustained multilateral engagement to uphold regional security, advance human development, and reinforce shared resilience.