The Proceeding Jakarta Geopolitical Forum, organized by LEMHANNAS RI, focuses on addressing the critical challenges of geo-maritime resilience in the Indo-Pacific region. This forum brings together geopolitical experts, policymakers, and academics to discuss maritime security, regional cooperation, and solutions to environmental and economic issues in this strategic region. Participants in the forum discussed key topics such as maritime competition between nations, security threats like transnational crime and environmental degradation, and the importance of preserving marine ecosystems. The discussions also emphasized the need for international collaboration to secure trade routes and develop a sustainable maritime economy. This proceeding presents the outcomes of those discussions, offering actionable recommendations for future maritime policies. It serves as a reference for policymakers, researchers, and stakeholders interested in maritime security and development in the Indo-Pacific region.
Lembaga Ketahanan Nasional Republik Indonesia (LEMHANNAS RI)
CLOSING REMARKS OF THE GOVERNOR OF THE NATIONAL RESILIENCE INSTITUTE OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA AT THE JAKARTA GEOPOLITICAL FORUM IX 2025:
Closing Remarks The Jakarta Geopolitical Forum IX 2025 has served as a strategic platform for active participation and meaningful exchange, where contributions from participants have greatly enriched the discussions and added significant value to the success of this year’s event (1,2). Over the course of two days, experts, practitioners, and policymakers have shared a wide range of perspectives through presentations and in-depth discussions under the central theme of Geoeconomic Fragmentation and Energy Security. Each session provided valuable insights into the challenges and opportunities faced by Indonesia and the global community in ensuring energy security and resilience amidst increasingly complex dynamics of global economic fragmentation. The discussions covered diverse topics, that are the geopolitical and geoeconomic topics influencing energy security, the urgency of renewable energy diversification, the importance of comprehensive energy governance, and the critical role of technological innovation and international cooperation. These inputs are highly relevant in shaping effective policies for global energy security. The outcomes and recommendations of this forum are expected to serve as strategic references for policymakers, academics, and industry actors in navigating ongoing global developments (1,2). The recommendations also provide a strong foundation for stakeholders in formulating appropriate strategies to secure energy sovereignty and safeguard energy resilience. Energy security, as emphasized, is not only a matter of energy availability but also reflects the dignity and sovereignty of a nation. Despite existing limitations, this forum remains committed to promoting independence and the downstream development of natural resources. The deliberations also reached consensus on the urgent need for the global community to adapt through energy transition toward renewable sources, recognizing the importance as a shared responsibility. Indonesia’s downstreaming policies and strategies, as implemented by the government, were highlighted as a key response to the geopolitical dynamics impacting the energy sector (1,2). The measures require strong and collective support, as they not only strengthen national energy security but also enhance long-term welfare. With sustained commitment, Indonesia has the potential to emerge as a leading actor in the global energy transition.
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SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES IN ENERGY RESILIENCE AND DOWNSTREAM DEVELOPMENT: DOWNSTREAMING AND SUSTAINABILITY ARE A MUST
The 9th Jakarta Geopolitical Forum 2025 focused on “Geoeconomic Fragmentation and Energy Resilience.” The discussions underscored the urgent requirement to balance industrial growth, environmental sustainability, and economic resilience amid global trade tensions, decarbonization challenges, and the renewable energy transition. At national level, Indonesia faces structural disparities as archipelagic nation. The industrial activity concentrated in Java while Eastern Indonesia underdeveloped. The study use the New Structural Economics framework, the Environmental Social Governance principles (ESG), and the national interest concept (Wawasan Nusantara). Empirical studies show that Indonesia’s government has banned raw material exports, progress in building smelters and bioenergy industries, while cases of similar policy from China and Malaysia demonstrate both opportunities and constraints in advancing domestic value addition. The study found that downstreaming, renewable energy initiatives, and multi-stakeholder collaboration is strategic to strengthen competitiveness, reduce external vulnerabilities, and expand growth beyond Java. By embedding national resilience and archipelagic integrity into industrial and energy strategies, Indonesia positions itself as a regional leader in shaping equitable energy transitions. The study concludes that consistent regulation, advanced technology, skilled workers, and cooperation with other countries are for achieving resilience, inclusivity, and sustainability in fragmented global order.
ADAPTIVE CITIES IN A FRAGMENTED WORLD: STRATEGIES FOR ENERGY AND ECONOMIC RESILIENCE
Urbanization has placed cities as the core of global transformation, as economic activity, energy use, and climate risk become concentrated. Cities produce more than 80% of global GDP and nearly 90% of private-sector jobs, and over 70% of greenhouse gas emissions and face rising exposure to extreme weather events. Rapid urban expansion in Southeast Asia undermines issues of fossil fuel dependence, infrastructure inadequacy and climate vulnerability, further highlighting the importance of resilience. This study applies qualitative content analysis to analyse policy frames, case studies and adaptation responses with a focus on two exemplar cities, Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi. The results indicate that Ho Chi Minh City can be resilient by involving economics scale, private sector participation, and clean energy projects, and Hanoi highlights governance, planning, and institutional development. Comparative analysis highlights complementary pathways of adaptation across ASEAN, ranging of integrated urban planning, decarbonized mobility, smart infrastructure, and public-private-people partnerships. At the regional level, ASEAN supports resilience through cooperative platforms, yet further cross-border innovation and investment in clean technology remain critical. The study concludes that adaptive cities provide a foundation for both energy security and sustainable economic resilience in an increasingly fragmented world.
GLOBAL CITIES ADAPTIVE STRATEGY AND ECONOMIC RESILIENCE
Rapid urbanization and climate change are changing the conditions for sustainable development, which poses critical challenges for energy security and economic resilience. China and Indonesia have higher ratios of urban populations compared to the rest of the world. Cities are increasingly vulnerable to extreme weather events, shifting energy demands and infrastructure stress. This research uses a qualitative case study methodology to examine adaptive strategies for urban environments within the framework of energy transformation and ecological sustainability. The study uses theoretical approaches of sustainable development, energy security and resilience, drawing on empirical evidence drawn from China, Indonesia, and individual cities globally. The findings indicate that transformation to renewable energy reduces the risk of climate change and energy and generates jobs. The adaptation plans of city agencies should incorporate climate resiliency, new technology and inclusive planning. China’s industrial transformation and renewable energy leadership provide insights for emerging economies, including Indonesia, in how to confer urban resilience and economic benefits in the race for the global energy transition.
ENERGY SECURITY AND THE ENERGY TRANSITION
Geopolitical instability and worldwide conflicts impact the gas and oil market, triggering fluctuations in prices of natural gas, coal, and oil. These disturbances highlight the fragile nature of traditional energy systems and demonstrate the strategic relevance of renewable energy as the sturdy alternative. This paper draws on a qualitative content analysis of policy documents, institutional agendas, and expert narratives in Australia and Indonesia to shows the consequences of renewable integration on energy security. The results indicate that Australia’s accelerated transition to renewables, with the aid of large-scale battery deployment, enhances economic resilience and tackles grid stability problems. New case studies from South Australia demonstrate that batteries are keeping the power on and integrating renewables more effectively. Comparison with Indonesia reveals common challenges of coal reliance and decentralised grids, as well as opportunities for cooperation through the Australia-Indonesia Climate Infrastructure Partnership. Findings underscore the importance of supply chain diversification, renewable adoption, and international collaboration for achieving sustainable, affordable, and secure energy systems in a world of geopolitical and climate insecurity.
JAKARTA ADAPTIVE STRATEGY FOR ENHANCING ENERGY AND ECONOMIC RESILIENCE
Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia, has contributed 16.71% to the gross domestic product of Indonesia in 2024 while hosting to millions of residents and daily commuters. With the impressive urban economy and human capital resource, the city is confronted with looming problems of flooding, the effects of climate change, poverty and restricted energy usage. This study use qualitative content analysis to examine the sustainability strategy, energy policy and spatial plan of Jakarta, this article. The result reveals that Jakarta has placed the development agenda to a align with the international climate commitment through the RUED 2023-2050 by focusing on promotion of renewable energy, conservation and low carbon development. Programs such as Transit-Oriented Development (TOD), electro mobility for public transport, mangrove conservation and restoration, and increased green space reflect examples of good efforts towards sustainability practices in the urban context. But the adoption of renewable energy is remain low, at only 0.66% of the energy mix, and has been stymied by technical, behavioural and infrastructural obstacles. The study concluded that achieving Jakarta’s vision to be within the top 20 global cities in 2045 requires scaling renewable energy, increasing institutional capacity, and enhance public participation, while also maintain the balance between economic growth and the sustainability of the environment.
POWERING INDONESIA’S GREEN REVOLUTION: LEADING THE CHARGE IN SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SOLUTIONS
Nickel is a key raw material for both the stainless-steel industry and the fast-growing electric-vehicle (EV) battery sector. As the world’s largest nickel producer, Indonesia is crucial in ensuring supply security and has the potential in promote the nation’s downstream industrialization. This paper uses PT Vale Indonesia as a case study to discuss how competitiveness and sustainability can be embedded into nickel production. Drawing on qualitative content analysis of corporate reports, government papers, institutional reports, and academic scholarship, the study investigates operations strategy, ESG performance metrics, and technological developments in downstream processing. Results shows PT Vale Indonesia is able to be cost efficient as well as to perform well in ESG by adopting the hydropower integration, huge land reclamation and by responsibly managing the concession areas. The company’s strategic partnership with its global partners has further provided the scalability for it to increase its capacity in accordance with the national down streaming policy of Indonesia. In the end, the study finds that competitive and sustainable ambitions are compatible, placing Indonesia as a major supplier of responsibly sourced nickel to the world energy transition.
Global growth over the past 50 years was underpinned by openness in trade, investment and skills. The digitalisation and the transition to renewable energy are the next phases. This paper examines the dynamics in the process of renewable energy in ASEAN in the context of changing global economic governance. The study is based on qualitative content analysis of policy narratives, industrial strategies, and regional cooperation initiatives that condition energy transitions. According to the findings, ASEAN’s renewable energy direction has four primary objectives, that are to enhance energy security, to restructure industrial supply chains, to foster regional cooperation, and, to empower ASEAN with more agency in global forums. In the real world, there are opportunities as well as challenges. Asean has potential as the region is rich in renewable resources and already established initiatives, for example the Asean Power Grid and green finance facilities. But the region remain lagging from the world average in the use of renewable energy, with most of the energy demand met by fossil fuels. National and local-level commitments are vital in driving the use of renewable energy, with the example of the district-level industrial strategies in China providing a case in point. The study shows that renewable energy not only contributes to a cleaner environment but is also imperative to ASEAN’s continued long-term growth and ability to compete globally in political and economic matters.
GEOPOLITICS, MARKET CONTESTABILITY, AND INDONESIA’S STRATEGIC POSITION IN THE GLOBAL ENERGY TRANSITION
Energy markets around the world are undergoing major shifts, driven by climate pressures, geopolitical competition, and rapid technological change. Tensions between the United States and Iran have driven up oil prices recently, underscoring how closely politics and market forces and economic stability are connected. Using a content analysis of qualitative data, the study analyses the strategic position of the most populous Muslim-majority state, Indonesia, in the changing world’s energy scene using game theory and contestable market theory. The results indicate that high oil prices constitute an impetus towards renewables, but also that revenues from fossil-fuel extraction are an important aspect of financing the transition. Meanwhile, the battle between the United States and China over semiconductor supply chains and renewable technologies has heightened the search for strategic partners. Indonesia is in a strong position with the nations geothermal, nickel, and geopolitical factors. But the country is still using and losing a great deal of energy, and has some big challenges to overcome, including regulatory complexity, technological readiness and market uncertainty. In the end, Indonesia’s success will rely on the nation’s ability to adapt to a new wave of coalition shifts, leverage natural advantage, and develop coordinated policies that maintain quotas for its reliance on fossil fuels alongside the ambitious expansion of renewables to build both energy and economic security
STRATEGIC PATHWAYS FOR INDONESIA’S RENEWABLE ENERGY TRANSITION: GEOPOLITICAL POSITIONING, CRITICAL MINERALS, AND NET-ZERO AMBITIONS
Renewables are now playing a major role in shaping global energy security and climate diplomacy, as well as economic resilience. The energy transition of the world is accelerating under the influence of market changes, competition for critical resources and rapid technology development, the transition is presenting both opportunities and challenges. Through the lens of legislation, future electricity generation mix and the role of critical minerals, this study undertakes a qualitative content analysis to assess Indonesia's strategic position in the renewable energy transition. Indonesia has a significant comparative advantage since the nation has a plentiful nickel, cobalt, and potentially lithium reserves and abundant renewable resources. By 2050, under the projected energy scenarios, the contribution of solar power generation will rise to more than 30%, while the use of coal will have fallen dramatically to 5-10%. But the country has structural problems, that are geopolitically vulnerable supply chains, expensive storage, regulatory hurdles, reliance on foreign technology. Faster downstream mineral processing, local technical capacity R&D, regional energy integration, and regional technical partnerships of this kind need to take place in order to avoid these pitfalls. Indonesia can establish itself as the regional leader in sustainable energy and critical mineral supply, seize on the energy transition to cost-effectively work towards net zero emissions by 2045 with early strategic action.
ADVANCING INDONESIA’S ROLE IN THE GLOBAL COPPER SUPPLY CHAIN: DOWNSTREAM INTEGRATION, PRODUCTION CAPACITY EXPANSION, AND ENERGY TRANSITION IMPLICATIONS
Copper remains to be the critical subject in the global economy, underpinning renewable energy technologies, electric vehicles, and broader carbon reduction strategies. Urbanisation, technological advances, and a transition towards lower carbon energy systems are the primary sources of the ongoing rise in demand for copper. By undertaking a qualitative content analysis of policy documents, capacity expansion plans and production data, this paper seeks to explore the role of Indonesia in the global copper market. Indonesia possesses substantial copper reserves and has advanced down streaming policy through the construction of the world’s largest single-line copper smelter in Gresik, East Java. Teaming up with the existing PT Smelting plant, the new facility includes mining and smelting operations and is responsible for around 800,000 tonnes of copper cathodes annually, capable of supporting the production of electric vehicles and renewable energy sources worldwide. When it comes to full production at the end of 2025, Indonesia will become one of the top five producers in the world with an annual production of 1.1 million tonnes. These developments are contributing to Indonesia’s status as an important player in the international energy transition and are also expanding the country’s engineering capacity.
DOWNSTREAMING AND REINDUSTRIALIZATION OF FOOD & ENERGY IN RESPONSE TO CHANGE CONTEMPORARY GEOPOLITICS
Indonesia’s target of being one of the top four world economies by 2045 is contingent on a strong industrialization plan to escape the middle-income trap. This heavy dependence on the export of raw commodities as well as the incursion of world-wide geo-political disturbances relating to the Russia–Ukraine war, the US–China trade war, and the Israel–Iran conflict accentuated the need for downstream processing and re-industrialization. This paper utilizes a qualitative content analysis of policy frameworks, governance model, and sectoral strategy in Indonesia’s mineral, agromaritime, and renewable energy. The results suggest that downstreaming has a high potential to increase export value, generate jobs and improve economic resilience. The mineral industry needs choosing a mode of strategic governance that balances economic prosperity, sovereignty, environmental protection and access to markets. In the agromaritime sector, palm oil, cocoa, coconut, and seaweed offer chances to climb the global value ladder, with bioenergy particularly via biomass constituting a central pole of the renewable energy shift. Higher education institutions such as universities play an important role in the rapid transformation of industry by promoting innovation, technology transfer and talent cultivation. The research concludes that a comprehensive plan that combines economic and social restructuring, technology-based investment and inclusive governance is the key to achieve sustained industrial growth and able to bring about the vision of Golden Indonesia 2045.
ADVANCING RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY IN A FRACTURED GLOBAL ECONOMY: A NEW STRUCTURAL ECONOMICS APPROACH FOR DEVELOPING NATIONS
With the rapid evolution of global energy transition, emerging economies are under increasing pressure to upgrade the industrial structures and assert strategic position in global value chains. Indonesia with rich natural resources approaches a crucial moment to prevent the mid-income trap and technological stagnation. This paper analyses the New Structural Economics (NSE) as a model for industrial transformation through the experiences of Indonesia in the development of downstream resource-based industries for technological transfer and regional cooperation in energy trade. Using qualitative content analysis of policy documents, expert statements, regional cooperation frameworks, and institutional arrangements, the paper analyses regulatory coherence, public participation, and inter-institutional coordination in the country. Empirical evidence, coupled with the nickel export ban and the involvement in the Asean Power Grid serve to show the potential and limitations of NSE principles into practice. Results underscore the significance of a standard body and regulation, public trust, the inclusiveness of human capital development, and sustainability assurance. Drawing from the analysis, the research suggests that an integrated, pro-active and participatory policy approach based on NSE may help Indonesia take a leading role in the regional energy transition and competitive industrial future.
Indonesia is aspiring to be high income by 2045, which required to escape the middle-income trap, which involves strategic transformation of economy. This paper examines the core driving forces behind the transformation, focusing on productivity improvement, diversifying capital formation, and downstream industrialization. Through the method of qualitative content analysis, the paper learns from best practices and successful transitions in countries, for example China and Malaysia. This paper emphasized priority to pursue enterprise productivity, strong and strategic sectoral development, and institutional coherence. The paper conclude that a robust base for economic growth in the longer term is sustainable downstreaming, export competitive, human capital development and policy consistency. The study articulates a “Make in Indonesia” strategy to drive industrialization that will enable Indonesia to shift towards advanced manufacturing and transform into a cost-effective manufacturing base so that the country does not become mired in a middle-income trap.
DOWNSTREAMING, INDUSTRIALIZATION, AND ENERGY RESILIENCE IN RESPONDING TO ECONOMIC FRAGMENTATION AND CONTEMPORARY GEOPOLITICAL CHANGES
Indonesia’s energy security impacted by geoeconomic fragmentation and contemporary global geopolitical changes. To achieve energy transition target, Indonesia has a strategy to optimize vast mineral resource potential, particularly nickel, through downstream processing. However, the downstream processing policy is not yet fully equitable and sustainable, and therefore cannot be effectively implemented to strengthen national energy sovereignty, increase economic added value, and maintain environmental sustainability. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method combined with strategic policy analysis, utilizing primary data in the form of transcripts of keynote speeches at the 2025 JGF and interviews with economic and downstream processing experts, representatives of the central government, regional governments, and business actors. Primary data were collected by focusing on industrial areas in Morowali and Central Halmahera, which are among the major downstream processing areas in Indonesia. Secondary data used in the study include laws and regulations, official reports from relevant ministries and institutions, and academic publications. The Astagatra and SWOT analyses show that Indonesia still has weaknesses that reflect the resource curse. Therefore, by referring to the developmental state model, governance theory, sustainable development theory and cases in previous research, the TOWS analysis produces 10 fair and sustainable downstreaming policy strategies.
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RENEWABLE RESOURCES EXPORT OPPORTUNITIES: ACCELERATING DEVELOPMENT
The transition to clean energy systems across the world offers both challenge and opportunities for resource-rich developing countries like Indonesia. Even as the country continues to export large volumes of natural gas, falling domestic quotas and pressure to decarbonize internationally are pushing the country increasingly toward wind and solar power. This paper investigates Indonesia’s potential to export renewable energy through bio-based biogas, biomethane, and bio-LNG. Based on a qualitative content analysis of policy documents, institutional reports and international accords, the analysis struggles with an enlargement of the mismatch between ambitious national goals and crawly domestic measures. Given regulatory and infrastructure limitations, the potential for biomass may be relatively unexploited; nevertheless, biomass in Indonesia does remain among the greatest compared to many competitive countries regarding logistics, rising by virtues of geographic placement and export infrastructure. International demand, which results from carbon pricing and fuel standards, as well as corporate decarbonization commitments, opens immediate export market opportunities for renewable energy. Examples from previous instruments, like the Clean Development Mechanism, show how global incentives can quickly lead to investment in green infrastructure. The results highlight the necessity of export-oriented approaches to induce the energy transition in Indonesia, and possible policy reforms to unlock domestic and international value chains.
GEOPOLITICAL AND INVESTMENT BARRIERS IN THE GLOBAL ENERGY TRANSITION: CHALLENGES FOR DEVELOPING ECONOMIES
The global transition to low-carbon energy systems offers unprecedented opportunities and challenges for developing countries, particularly in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Yet, while the regions are the key drivers of global energy demand growth, they remain marginal in terms of global clean energy investment. This paper examines structural, financial, and geopolitical aspects that constrain capital mobilization for the energy transition in the developing world. Qualitative content analysis is utilized to analyze government strategy, international policy architecture, and market response between 2010 and 2025. Key conclusions emphasise a sustained mismatch between the availability of capital and the deployment of investment, the latter being encouraged by the barriers as the high upfront costs associated with renewable energy, perceived levels of investment risk, carbon policy exposures, and unstable regulatory frameworks. Trade measures, disrupted supply chains, and geopolitical tensions add additional layers of complexity to the investment picture. Innovative financing tools and corporate-driven procurement of renewables are not enough; broader reforms are needed to direct investment flows towards sustainability. The research findings suggest that financing and policy innovation as well as stable geopolitical space and an inclusive international cooperation is needed to support energy transition in the Global South.
BALANCING GROWTH AND SUSTAINABILITY: INDONESIA’S ENERGY TRANSITION IN A CHANGING GLOBAL LANDSCAPE
Geopolitics of world energy has experienced fundamental changes because of changes in political power, technological developments, and increased environmental awareness. These factors have important implications for national energy policies, especially in developing countries like Indonesia. The study explore cross-fertilisation between global energy megatrends and Indonesia's national strategy development through a qualitative analysis of policy frameworks, government documents and academic literature. The results shows that transition of energy in Indonesia faced paradoxical conditions, which are abundant potential of coal resources but on the other long-term sustainable goals should lean toward the renewable energy. Responses have involved downstream industrial policies, technological R&D like coal gasification and carbon capture, and compliance with international commitments on climate change. But the use of renewable energy is not extensive and needs more robust regulatory, financial, and infrastructure support to be scaled up. The study highlights that the combination of decarbonization, decentralization and digitalization can help to ensure both the security and sustainability required from energy provision. The country’s capacity to negotiate these complex trade-offs will define the leadership in the global energy transition.
OPENING REMARKS OF THE GOVERNOR OF THE NATIONAL RESILIENCE INSTITUTE OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA AT THE JAKARTA GEOPOLITICAL FORUM IX 2025
Opening Remarks The Jakarta Geopolitical Forum (JGF) provides a strategic platform for dialogue and cooperation between officials from ministries and stakeholders in relevant government agencies, embassies, international organizations, partner countries, national and international industry leaders, Indonesian university executives, academics, practitioners and a wider range of researchers and energy experts (1,2). This forum functions as a venue for exchanging ideas and fostering cross-sector synergy, with the aim of producing policy recommendations that strengthen governmental strategies in mitigating geopolitical and geoeconomic challenges. The ninth edition of the forum adopts the theme Geoeconomic Fragmentation and Energy Resilience (1,2). This theme was chosen in response to the growing global challenges faced by nations in maintaining economic, political, and energy security stability. The event will take place over two days, from 24 to 25 June 2025, with approximately 1,000 participants and four panel discussion sessions involving expert speakers from both domestic and international institutions. The first session will disccus the sub-theme Downstreaming, Industrialization, and Energy Resilience in Responding to Contemporary Global Geopolitical Changes (1,2). Speakers will include the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources, Bahlil Lahadalia, alongside several international experts in the fields of energy and geoeconomics. The forum is expected to serve as a significant milestone in strengthening cross-sector cooperation to build a national energy resilience framework that is adaptive and sustainable (1,2). The outcomes of the discussions aim to contribute directly to the formulation of strategic policies, while enhancing Indonesia’s position in the global geopolitical and geoeconomic landscape. Thus, JGF IX will not only act as a discussion forum but also as a strategic diplomatic instrument oriented toward a stable, resilient, and sustainable future.
STRENGTHENING ECONOMIC-ACCOUNTING TRANSPARENCY TO SAFEGUARD MARITIME NATURAL RESOURCES IN THE INDO-PACIFIC REGION
Abstract. The Indo-Pacific region is increasingly challenged by geo-maritime pressures due to the unregulated exploitation of marine ecological resources. This paper explores two key questions: to what extent economic transparency supports the protection of maritime ecological assets, and whether institutionalising eco-accounting within public sector reporting contributes to national resilience. The study adopts a qualitative content analysis method to examine international practices, regulatory documents, and sustainability accounting frameworks. The findings indicate that the absence of disclosure regarding ecological assets, especially blue carbon and ecosystem services, leads to unrecorded environmental degradation and weakens long-term fiscal and ecological stability. Anchored in the geographical and ecological pillars of the Asta Gatra framework, the study proposes an extended accountability model that integrates maritime ecological values into national financial governance. The relevance of this study lies in the growing need to align environmental stewardship with fiscal transparency, particularly for states exposed to climate and geopolitical volatility. The originality of this research is reflected in its proposition to embed ecological metrics into fiscal systems as a strategic approach to reinforce maritime resilience across Indo-Pacific coastal nations.
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GEO-MARITIME RESILIENCE IN THE INDO-PACIFIC: STRATEGIC INSIGHTS FROM THE JAKARTA GEOPOLITICAL FORUM VIII/2024
Abstract The Indo-Pacific region holds strategic significance as a maritime corridor critical to global trade, yet the region faces escalating geo-maritime challenges, ranging of transnational crimes, environmental degradation, and regional instability. This study applies a qualitative content analysis to evaluate insights from the Jakarta Geopolitical Forum VIII/2024, focusing on the interplay between maritime governance, security, and sustainability. Drawing from forum proceedings, policy frameworks, and relevant literature, the analysis identifies key themes: the importance of cooperative regional mechanisms, adherence to international maritime law (particularly UNCLOS), and the integration of technological and ethical strategies for resilience. The Global Maritime Fulcrum (GMF) policy emerges as a practical framework for operationalizing maritime security and sustainable development. Results highlight the need to embed the principles of Ethics, Environment, and Economy into future policymaking. The findings underscore the value of cross-sectoral dialogue and multilateral cooperation in building a secure and inclusive maritime future for the Indo-Pacific.
MARITIME SECURITY COOPERATION CHALLENGES IN THE FUTURE
Abstract. Maritime cooperation encompasses longstanding complexities alongside evolving opportunities, stemming from the intrinsic nature of the maritime commons governed by international law, particularly the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Throughout history, states have engaged in collective efforts to maintain order at sea, combat piracy, suppress the slave trade, and enhance navigational safety. Despite enduring constraints in communication, limited resources, and geopolitical frictions, maritime security collaboration has experienced notable progress, particularly during periods of crisis. Wartime conditions alter the dynamics of inter-state cooperation, whereas peacetime arrangements often strengthen resilience and improve collective crisis responses. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami marked a pivotal shift in regional collaboration, particularly in disaster relief and maritime safety operations. Current maritime threats, including piracy, terrorism, organised crime, and sovereignty disputes in the South China Sea, require comprehensive multilateral mechanisms. ASEAN-led initiatives and frameworks developed by the Quad have contributed to closing coordination gaps, fostering transparency, and reinforcing adherence to a rules-based international system. The Wilmington Declaration by the Quad and ASEAN’s 2023 joint statement illustrate continued momentum in reinforcing regional maritime cooperation. Future challenges spanning maritime, space, and cyber domains necessitate sustained multilateral engagement to uphold regional security, advance human development, and reinforce shared resilience.
STRATEGIC REALIGNMENT AT SEA: ANALYSING THE 2022 RUSSIAN MARITIME DOCTRINE AMIDST GLOBAL GEOPOLITICAL SHIFTS
Abstract. The adoption of the 2022 Russian Maritime Doctrine marks a decisive shift in the strategic orientation of the Russian Federation’s maritime policy. Initiated by presidential directive, the doctrine constitutes a comprehensive revision of the 2015 framework, aligning maritime governance with prevailing geopolitical and military–strategic conditions. Grounded in legal instruments and state conceptual frameworks, it articulates Russia’s national maritime interests across transport, scientific research, offshore resource exploitation, and naval operations. The paper applies qualitative content analysis to systematically examine the doctrine’s structure, policy orientation, and legal foundations, drawing on international legal instruments, institutional reports, and peer–reviewed literature. Particular attention is devoted to the integration of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) with emerging maritime warfare technologies and humanitarian protection. The findings highlight the doctrine’s focus on sovereignty, self–reliance, and global competitiveness, while emphasising its broader geopolitical ambition, most notably through the proposed 2024 Eurasian security architecture initiative. Consequently, the doctrine elevates maritime policy as a core instrument of national resilience and strategic influence in an increasingly contested global maritime order.
INDIA–INDONESIA MARITIME CONVERGENCE IN THE INDO-PACIFIC: STRATEGIC COOPERATION, REGIONAL SECURITY, AND THE RULES-BASED ORDER
Abstract. The paper examines the strategic convergence between India and Indonesia in shaping the evolving maritime order in the Indo-Pacific. As two key littoral states with shared historical, geopolitical, and geoeconomic interests, their partnership remains central to maintaining regional stability amidst intensifying great power competition, asymmetric threats, and challenges to international law in contested maritime zones. Using qualitative content analysis of policy documents, regional frameworks, and scholarly literature, the study analyses how India’s maritime posture, through mechanisms including the Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative, the Indian Ocean Rim Association, BIMSTEC, and the Quad, reinforces its commitment to a free, open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific anchored in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The analysis incorporates empirical developments involving global energy and supply chain disruptions, conflict spillovers from Europe and West Asia, and the growing use of maritime technologies in hybrid warfare. The study situates these developments within a theoretical framework that regards maritime domains as shared spaces requiring collective governance. The findings highlight the significance of multilateral cooperation, trust-building, and strategic self-reliance, particularly through India–Indonesia collaboration, to uphold a rules-based maritime order and secure the Indo-Pacific’s future.
INDONESIA’S STRATEGIC POSTURE IN THE INDO-PACIFIC: BALANCING MARITIME DEFENCE, DIPLOMACY, AND REGIONAL STABILITY
Abstract. The Indo-Pacific region has emerged as a critical geopolitical and geoeconomic arena, shaped by strategic sea lanes, abundant natural resources, and intensifying power rivalries among major states. As the world’s largest archipelagic nation, Indonesia occupies a central position in this maritime domain, facing both opportunities and challenges in safeguarding its national interests. This study examines Indonesia’s evolving defence strategy, grounded in the principles of non-alignment and sovereign autonomy, and its efforts to address maritime security threats through a dual approach of defence modernisation and regional diplomacy. Adopting a qualitative content analysis method, the study draws on policy documents, strategic doctrines, and expert literature to explore Indonesia’s responses to disputes in the North Natuna Sea and South China Sea. The findings reveal how Indonesia combines naval capability development with confidence-building measures, ASEAN engagement, and a "friendly neighbour" policy to manage regional tensions while upholding international law. This balanced posture not only enhances Indonesia’s maritime security but also contributes to broader Indo-Pacific peace, cooperation, and resilience.
SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES ADOPTION IN THE MARITIME INDUSTRY
Abstract. Maritime logistics plays a critical role in global trade while contributing significantly to greenhouse gas emissions, with shipping accounting for approximately 2.5 per cent of global emissions and the entire logistics chain contributing close to 11 per cent. The study analyses the structural and operational challenges of achieving net-zero emissions by 2040, emphasising the decarbonisation of vessels, ports, warehousing, and inland transport. Using a qualitative content analysis approach, the research systematically reviews corporate reports, academic literature, and industry data to assess the viability of alternative fuels, particularly green methanol and green ammonia. Although the adoption of green-fuel-powered vessels has commenced, major barriers persist in relation to fuel availability, cost, scalability, and safety. The findings indicate that decarbonisation requires more than technological readiness, necessitating long-term investment, regulatory support, and regional fuel production strategies, particularly in Southeast Asia. The study highlights the urgency of integrated, system-wide innovation to meet global climate targets in maritime logistics.
ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY TO SUPPORT SUSTAINABLE MARITIME INDUSTRY
Abstract. The maritime industry is essential in global trade, with over 11 billion tonnes of goods transported annually by more than 50,000 merchant vessels. Despite rapid technological advancements, maritime security operations continue to face persistent challenges such as fragmented command structures, weak inter-agency coordination, outdated systems, and cybersecurity vulnerabilities. This study applies a qualitative content analysis to examine how interoperable technologies, specifically the Maritime Interoperability Management System (MIMS S2), Universal Link System (ULS), and System Interoperability Kodal, enhance operational effectiveness and situational awareness. Drawing from official product documentation, defence interoperability reports, and regional case studies, the findings reveal how integrated command and control systems improve real-time data sharing, strengthen joint operations, and support both military and civilian maritime agencies. The study also highlights the importance of long-term capacity building, demonstrating that the combination of advanced technologies and institutional readiness forms a scalable model for managing contemporary maritime security challenges.
MANAGING DISRUPTION FOR SUSTAINABILITY IN MARITIME INDUSTRY
Abstract. The maritime sector, responsible for transporting over 80% of global merchandise by volume, contributes significantly to global CO₂ emissions and faces increasing pressure to adopt sustainable practices. This study examines the decarbonization strategies of Pertamina International Shipping (PIS), focusing on the integration of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principles within operational, technological, and market-based initiatives. Using a qualitative content analysis approach, the study systematically reviews corporate disclosures, international maritime regulations, and empirical performance indicators to evaluate alignment with global climate targets. Findings reveal that PIS has adopted a four-pronged strategy emphasizing operational efficiency, green vessel design, alternative fuels, and green cargo handling. These measures are reinforced by business diversification, fleet modernization, and carbon reduction technologies. Despite significant progress, challenges remain in scaling alternative fuels due to high ownership costs and infrastructure limitations. The study concludes that sustained investment, regulatory alignment, and innovation are essential for positioning maritime logistics as a driver of low-carbon economic growth in the years ahead.
INTERCONNECTING THE MARITIME DOMAIN IN THE INDO-PACIFIC REGION
Abstract. The operationalisation of the Indo-Pacific Regional Information Sharing (IORIS) platform is examined as a tool for advancing maritime governance across one of the world's most strategically significant maritime regions. Funded by the European Union through the CRIMARIO initiative, IORIS facilitates real-time, secure communication among over 100 maritime stakeholders, tackling persistent challenges like piracy, geopolitical instability, regulatory complexity, and environmental risks. Drawing on maritime governance theory, collaborative governance frameworks, and socio-technical systems perspectives, this study applies a qualitative content analysis of policy documents, institutional reports, and scholarly literature. The results highlight IORIS’s role in dismantling institutional silos, enhancing situational awareness, supporting regulatory compliance, and streamlining emergency response. By integrating digital infrastructure and fostering cross-sectoral cooperation, the platform contributes to a more resilient and secure maritime environment. The findings affirm the need for sustained technological innovation, expanded regional partnerships, and adaptive policy frameworks to ensure the long-term stability of global maritime trade.
STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP FOR SUSTAINABLE MARITIME INDUSTRY
Abstract. The study explores Indonesia’s strategic response to global transformations in the maritime and transportation sectors, focusing on digital integration, sustainable practices, and institutional innovation. Grounded in qualitative content analysis, the research examines policy documents, institutional reports, and scholarly literature to trace how Indonesia adapts to three intersecting global trends: geopolitical realignment, economic transformation, and technological advancement. The findings reveal that Indonesia has pursued digital port modernization, human resource development, and environmental regulations aligned with international standards. Empirical evidence highlights programs like the sea-toll initiative, the development of green ports, and creative financing models, one example is the Patimban Port. Despite ongoing logistical and regulatory challenges, the study concludes that Indonesia’s whole-of-nation approach positions the nation as an emerging global maritime leader committed to equitable growth, innovation, and environmental responsibility.